粉刷石膏防開裂綜合指南

　　Comprehensive guide for preventing cracking of plastering gypsum

　　粉刷石膏作為現代建筑內墻抹灰的優選材料，因其和易性好、粘結力強、硬化快等優點被廣泛應用，但施工不當易導致開裂問題。要確保粉刷石膏不開裂，需從材料選擇、基層處理、施工工藝和環境控制等多方面入手。以下是保證粉刷石膏不開裂的全面解決方案：

　　Gypsum plaster, as the preferred material for plastering interior walls in modern buildings, is widely used due to its good workability, strong adhesion, and fast hardening. However, improper construction can easily lead to cracking problems. To ensure that the plaster does not crack, it is necessary to start from multiple aspects such as material selection, base treatment, construction technology, and environmental control. The following is a comprehensive solution to ensure that plastering gypsum does not crack:

　　一、材料選擇與配比控制

　　1、 Material selection and proportioning control

　　選用優質粉刷石膏材料

　　Select high-quality plastering gypsum materials

　　選擇符合國家標準（如GB/T 28627-2012《石膏基抹灰材料》）的產品，優先考慮知名品牌，確保材料質量穩定。

　　Choose products that comply with national standards (such as GB/T 28627-2012 "Gypsum based Plastering Materials"), give priority to well-known brands, and ensure stable material quality.

　　檢查產品包裝是否完好，避免使用受潮結塊的粉刷石膏，受潮材料會導致強度不足和開裂。

　　Check if the product packaging is intact and avoid using damp and clumped plaster, as damp materials can cause insufficient strength and cracking.

　　根據施工部位選擇合適類型的粉刷石膏：底層粉刷石膏用于找平（厚度5-20mm），面層粉刷石膏用于精找平（厚度1-3mm），潮濕環境選用防水型。

　　Select the appropriate type of plastering gypsum based on the construction site: the bottom plastering gypsum is used for leveling (thickness 5-20mm), the surface plastering gypsum is used for fine leveling (thickness 1-3mm), and waterproof type is selected for humid environments.

　　嚴格控制材料配比與使用時效

　　Strictly control the material ratio and usage time

　　按照產品說明精確控制粉水比例（通常為1:0.4-0.5），過度加水會降低強度，增加開裂風險。

　　Accurately control the powder to water ratio (usually 1:0.4-0.5) according to the product instructions. Excessive water addition will reduce strength and increase the risk of cracking.

　　攪拌充分：使用電動攪拌機攪拌3-5分鐘至均勻無顆粒，靜置2-3分鐘后再攪拌一次，確保添加劑充分溶解。

　　Stir thoroughly: Use an electric mixer to stir for 3-5 minutes until there are no particles, let it stand for 2-3 minutes, and then stir again to ensure that the additives are fully dissolved.

　　控制漿料使用時間：調配好的漿料需在初凝前（通常30-60分鐘）用完，初凝后嚴禁加水再使用，否則會導致粉化、無強度和開裂。

　　Control the usage time of the slurry: The prepared slurry should be used up before initial setting (usually 30-60 minutes). It is strictly prohibited to add water after initial setting, otherwise it will cause powdering, lack of strength, and cracking.

　　二、基層處理關鍵步驟

　　2、 Key steps in grassroots treatment

　　基層清理與修補

　　Grassroots cleaning and repair

　　徹底清除基層表面的灰塵、油污、脫模劑及松散顆粒，凸出部分應打磨平整，凹陷處用水泥砂漿預先修補。

　　Thoroughly remove dust, oil stains, release agents, and loose particles from the surface of the base layer. The protruding parts should be polished flat, and the concave parts should be repaired in advance with cement mortar.

　　對于光滑的混凝土基面，需進行鑿毛或涂刷界面劑處理，增強粘結力。

　　For smooth concrete surfaces, it is necessary to chisel or apply interface agents to enhance the bonding strength.

　　檢查并堵塞墻體預留孔洞，確保基層密實無缺陷。

　　Check and block the reserved holes in the wall to ensure that the base layer is dense and defect free.

　　基層濕潤處理

　　Grassroots wetting treatment

　　不同基材采取不同的濕潤方式：加氣混凝土墻體吸水慢，需提前一天多次噴水濕潤，深度達8-10mm，施工前30分鐘再噴水一次。

　　Different substrates adopt different wetting methods: Aerated concrete walls absorb water slowly and need to be sprayed with water multiple times a day in advance to a depth of 8-10mm. Water should be sprayed again 30 minutes before construction.

　　混凝土墻面應在施工前一天全面澆水濕潤，施工前30分鐘再濕潤一次。

　　The concrete wall surface should be fully watered and moistened one day before construction, and then moistened again 30 minutes before construction.

　　濕潤標準：基層吸水飽和但表面無明水，過干會導致石膏失水過快，過濕會影響粘結。

　　Wetting standard: The base layer is saturated with water but there is no visible water on the surface. If it is too dry, it will cause the gypsum to lose water too quickly, and if it is too wet, it will affect the bonding.

　　接縫與特殊部位處理

　　Seam and special part treatment

　　不同材料基體交接處（如混凝土與磚墻交接）應鋪設玻纖網格布，每邊搭接寬度不小于100mm。

　　Fiberglass mesh cloth should be laid at the junction of different material matrices (such as the junction of concrete and brick wall), with a minimum overlap width of 100mm on each side.

　　對已存在的裂縫，需先開八字縫清理干凈，用石膏膠漿填實，干燥后粘貼牛皮紙或專用防裂膠帶。

　　For existing cracks, it is necessary to first clean the eight character joint, fill it with gypsum mortar, dry it, and then paste kraft paper or special crack prevention tape.

　　門窗洞口四角、線管開槽處等應力集中部位應斜向加貼網格布加強。

　　The stress concentration areas such as the corners of door and window openings and the grooves of conduit should be reinforced with diagonal mesh cloth.

　　三、施工工藝控制要點

　　3、 Key points of construction process control

　　分層施工原則

　　Layered construction principle

　　嚴格分層抹灰：單層厚度控制在5-10mm內，總厚度超過10mm時應分層施工，每層間隔時間以上一層初凝為準（約4-6小時）。

　　Strict layer by layer plastering: The thickness of a single layer should be controlled within 5-10mm. When the total thickness exceeds 10mm, layer by layer construction should be carried out, and the interval between each layer should be based on the initial setting of the previous layer (about 4-6 hours).

　　總厚度控制：普通墻面不宜超過25mm，頂棚不宜超過10mm；超過35mm時應采取加強措施（如掛網）或改用石膏板找平。

　　Total thickness control: Ordinary walls should not exceed 25mm, ceilings should not exceed 10mm; when exceeding 35mm, reinforcement measures (such as hanging nets) should be taken or gypsum board leveling should be used instead.

　　底層石膏初凝后用砂板搓毛，增強層間粘結；面層石膏在終凝前（約45分鐘）壓光，過早易起泡，過遲難壓平。

　　After the initial setting of the bottom gypsum, rub it with a sand board to enhance interlayer bonding; The surface layer gypsum is pressed and polished before final setting (about 45 minutes). It is prone to foaming too early and difficult to flatten too late.

　　防裂增強措施

　　Crack prevention enhancement measures

　　大面積墻面應滿鋪玻纖網格布：在底層石膏上先滾涂白乳膠，再鋪設網格布，搭接寬度不小于50mm，外墻內保溫墻面應使用確良布。

　　Large area walls should be fully covered with fiberglass mesh cloth: first apply white latex on the bottom layer of gypsum, and then lay the mesh cloth, with a lap width of not less than 50mm. For external wall insulation walls, high-quality cloth should be used.

　　陰陽角處理：用紅外線水平儀彈線找方，陰角處用專用護角條加強，陽角用水泥砂漿做護角。

　　Internal and external corner treatment: Use an infrared level to mark the square with a line, strengthen the internal corners with special corner protection strips, and use cement mortar as corner protection for the external corners.

　　對于加氣混凝土等易開裂基層，建議整體掛網（玻纖網或鍍鋅鋼絲網）后再抹灰。

　　For cracked base layers such as aerated concrete, it is recommended to hang a mesh (fiberglass mesh or galvanized steel wire mesh) as a whole before plastering.

　　施工操作規范

　　Construction operation specifications

　　抹灰方向：先上后下，先左后右，用刮板緊貼標筋刮平，凹陷處及時補料，反復修整至平整。

　　Plastering direction: First up and then down, first left and then right, use a scraper to closely adhere to the marked reinforcement and smooth it out. Timely supplement the material in the concave area and repeatedly adjust it until it is flat.

　　避免混合使用：嚴禁將粉刷石膏與水泥砂漿、石灰砂漿等其他材料混合使用，防止化學反應導致開裂。

　　Avoid mixed use: It is strictly prohibited to mix plaster with other materials such as cement mortar and lime mortar to prevent chemical reactions from causing cracking.

　　落地灰處理：初凝前的落地灰可回收使用，初凝后必須廢棄，不得再加水攪拌使用。

　　Ground ash treatment: The ground ash before initial setting can be recycled, but it must be discarded after initial setting and cannot be mixed with water for further use.

　　四、環境控制與養護管理

　　4、 Environmental Control and Maintenance Management

　　施工環境要求

　　Construction environment requirements

　　環境溫度控制在5-35℃之間，避免低溫（<5℃）施工導致石膏凝固不良，或高溫（>35℃）施工導致失水過快。

　　The ambient temperature should be controlled between 5-35 ℃ to avoid poor solidification of gypsum caused by low temperature (<5 ℃) construction, or rapid water loss caused by high temperature (>35 ℃) construction.

　　濕度控制：施工環境濕度不宜超過85%，雨季應采取除濕措施。

　　Humidity control: The humidity in the construction environment should not exceed 85%, and dehumidification measures should be taken during the rainy season.

　　禁止通風：施工期間應關閉門窗，避免強制通風導致石膏快速失水開裂，養護期間同樣保持環境穩定。

　　Ventilation is prohibited: During construction, doors and windows should be closed to avoid forced ventilation causing rapid dehydration and cracking of gypsum. The environment should also remain stable during maintenance.

　　養護管理

　　maintenance management

　　粉刷石膏抹灰層在凝結硬化期（通常48小時內）應防止暴曬、水沖、撞擊和振動。

　　During the setting and hardening period (usually within 48 hours), the plaster layer should be protected from exposure to sunlight, water, impact, and vibration.

　　養護期間無需專門灑水養護，但應保持環境濕度穩定，避免快速干燥。

　　During the maintenance period, there is no need to spray water specifically for maintenance, but the environmental humidity should be kept stable to avoid rapid drying.

　　特別注意：廚房、衛生間等潮濕區域需待防水層施工完畢后再進行背面墻體抹灰，防止水分滲透影響。

　　Special attention: Wet areas such as kitchens and bathrooms should wait until the waterproof layer is completed before plastering the back wall to prevent moisture infiltration.

　　五、常見問題特殊處理

　　5、 Common problems and special handling

　　高溫干燥環境施工

　　Construction in high temperature and dry environment

　　在高溫季節施工時，可添加適量緩凝劑（需經試驗確定），延長石膏的可操作時間。

　　During construction in high temperature seasons, an appropriate amount of retarder (to be determined through testing) can be added to extend the operable time of gypsum.

　　抹灰后可用塑料薄膜覆蓋表面，減緩水分蒸發速度。

　　After plastering, the surface can be covered with plastic film to slow down the evaporation rate of moisture.

　　已出現開裂的補救措施

　　Remedial measures for cracks that have occurred

　　微小裂縫：鏟除裂縫周圍松動物，用彈性膩子填補，干燥后打磨平整。

　　Minor cracks: Remove any loose objects around the cracks, fill them with elastic putty, and polish them flat after drying.

　　較大裂縫：沿裂縫開V型槽，清理后灌注石膏膠漿，表面貼防裂網格布，再刮面層石膏。

　　Larger cracks: Make a V-shaped groove along the crack, clean and pour gypsum mortar, apply anti cracking mesh cloth on the surface, and then scrape the surface layer of gypsum.

　　結構性裂縫：需先處理墻體結構問題，再按正常程序進行抹灰修復。

　　Structural cracks: The wall structure problem needs to be addressed first, and then plaster repair should be carried out according to normal procedures.

　　氣泡問題預防

　　Prevention of Bubble Problems

　　基層過于干燥或吸水不均勻易導致起泡，施工前應均勻濕潤基層。

　　The base layer is too dry or has uneven water absorption, which can easily lead to foaming. Before construction, the base layer should be evenly moistened.

　　攪拌時應充分靜置消泡，漿料攪拌后靜置5分鐘再二次攪拌可減少氣泡。

　　When stirring, it should be thoroughly allowed to settle and eliminate bubbles. After stirring the slurry, let it stand for 5 minutes before stirring again to reduce bubbles.

　　出現氣泡時，在石膏初凝前用刮刀刺破排氣并壓平。

　　When bubbles appear, use a scraper to puncture and flatten the exhaust before the initial setting of gypsum.

　　通過以上全方位的控制措施，可有效預防粉刷石膏抹灰層的開裂問題。實際施工中，應根據具體工程條件和材料特性，靈活調整工藝參數，并加強過程質量檢查，確保每道工序符合要求。特別要注意的是，粉刷石膏的防開裂是一個系統工程，從材料選擇到后期養護環環相扣，任何環節的疏忽都可能導致開裂發生。

　　By implementing the comprehensive control measures mentioned above, it is possible to effectively prevent cracking issues in the plastering layer of plaster. In actual construction, process parameters should be flexibly adjusted according to specific engineering conditions and material characteristics, and process quality inspection should be strengthened to ensure that each process meets the requirements. It is particularly important to note that the anti cracking of gypsum plastering is a systematic project, and from material selection to later maintenance, any negligence in any link may lead to cracking.

　　本文由  濟南石膏粉   友情奉獻.更多有關的知識請點擊  http://www.sjzmx.cn/   真誠的態度.為您提供為全面的服務.更多有關的知識我們將會陸續向大家奉獻.敬請期待.

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